Expert Consensus Document

Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018)

The content of this ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document has been published for personal and educational use only. No commercial use is authorized. No part of the ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document may be translated or reproduced in any form without written permission from the ESC or ACC or AHA or WHF. Permission can be obtained upon submission of a written request to Oxford University Press, the publisher of the European Heart Journal and the party authorized to handle such permissions on behalf of the ESC, ACC, AHA and WHF ([email protected]).

Disclaimer. The ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document represents the views of the ESC, ACC, AHA, and WHF and was produced after careful consideration of the scientific and medical knowledge and the evidence available at the time of their publication. The ESC, ACC, AHA, and WHF are not responsible in the event of any contradiction, discrepancy, and/or ambiguity between the ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document and any other official recommendations or Expert Consensus Document issued by the relevant public health authorities, in particular in relation to good use of healthcare or therapeutic strategies. Health professionals are encouraged to take the ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document fully into account when exercising their clinical judgment, as well as in the determination and the implementation of preventive, diagnostic, or therapeutic medical strategies; however, the ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document does not override, in any way whatsoever, the individual responsibility of health professionals to make appropriate and accurate decisions in consideration of each patient's health condition and in consultation with that patient and, where appropriate and/or necessary, the patient's caregiver. Nor does the ESC/ACC/AHA/WHF Expert Consensus Document exempt health professionals from taking into full and careful consideration the relevant official updated recommendations or Expert Consensus Documents issued by the competent public health authorities, in order to manage each patient's case in light of the scientifically accepted data pursuant to their respective ethical and professional obligations. It is also the health professional's responsibility to verify the applicable rules and regulations relating to drugs and medical devices at the time of prescription.

The disclosure forms of all experts involved in the development of this Expert Consensus Document are available on the ESC website www.escardio.org/guidelines.