Informação da revista
Vol. 31. Núm. S1.
Inibição do factor Xa
Páginas 32-37 (Abril 2012)
Partilhar
Partilhar
Baixar PDF
Mais opções do artigo
Vol. 31. Núm. S1.
Inibição do factor Xa
Páginas 32-37 (Abril 2012)
Inibição Do Factor Xa
Open Access
Hemorragia, o calcanhar de Aquiles nos doentes tratados com anticoagulantes. Enfoque nos doentes em fibrilhação auricular
Bleeding, the Achilles’ heel in patients treated with anticoagulants. Approach in patients with atrial fibrillation
Visitas
6264
João Morais
Serviço de Cardiologia, Centro Hospitalar Leiria-Pombal, Leiria, Portugal
Este item recebeu

Under a Creative Commons license
Informação do artigo
Resumo

A hemorragia é sempre o calcanhar de Aquiles de toda a terapêutica antitrombótica, sendo impensável utilizá-la ignorando as complicações que dela podem advir. O risco hemorrágico levanta problemas muito particulares, designadamente sobre como o prever e como o manejar. A interrupção dos fármacos e transfundir são dois problemas práticos importantes, envolvendo decisões clinicas geralmente muito difíceis. Os novos anticoagulantes orais vêm colocar novos problemas. Se por um lado o seu risco hemorrágico parece ser menor, em especial nas hemorragias intracranianas, ou nas hemorragias potencialmente fatais, a falta de antídoto ou a falta de um teste laboratorial rápido e eficaz para avaliação de eficácia, são argumentos usados pelos seus críticos. O risco hemorrágico é condicionado por factores vários, entre os quais a idade avançada. O doente idoso, por definição é o doente que mais pode sangrar, mas também devido ao risco isquémico que tem é aquele que mais benefício pode colher. No presente trabalho são ainda apresentadas algumas ferramentas usadas para previsão de risco hemorrágico e o impacte clinico que podem ter.

Palavras-chave:
Terapêutica antitrombótica
Risco hemorrágico
Varfarina
Dicumarinícos
Hemorragia intracraniana
Fibrilhação auricular
RNI
Novos anticoagulantes orais
CHA2DS2-VASc
HAS-BLED
Abstract

Bleeding is always the Achilles’ heel of all antithrombotic therapy, being unthinkable to use this type of therapy ignoring the complications that it may arise. The bleeding risk raises very particular problems, namely how to predict it and how to manage it. The withdrawal of antithrombotic drugs and transfusion are two important practical problems, involving clinical decisions that are generally very difficult. The new oral anticoagulants pose new problems. If on the one hand its bleeding risk appears to be less, specially in what concerns intracranial bleeding and potentially life-threatening bleeding, on the other hand the lack of an antidote or the lack of a quick and effective laboratory test to evaluate its efficacy, are arguments used by the critics. The risk of bleeding is conditioned by several factors, among them old age. The elderly patient is, by definition, the patient that can bleed more but also the one that, due to its ischemic risk, can reap more benefit. In this paper some of the tools used to predict the risk of bleeding and its clinical impact are also presented.

Keywords:
Antithrombotic therapy
Bleeding risk
Warfarin
Dicoumarin
Intracranial bleeding
Atrial fibrillation
INR
New oral anticoagulants
CHA2DS2-VASc
HAS-BLED
O texto completo está disponível em PDF
Bibliografia
[1.]
G.Y.H. Lip, F. Andreotti, L. Fauchier, et al.
Bleeding risk assessment and management in atrial fibrillation patients: a position document from the European Heart Rhythm Association, endorsed by the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Thrombosis.
Europace, 13 (2011), pp. 723-746
[2.]
P.S. Chan, T.M. Maddox, F. Tang, et al.
Practice-level variation in warfarin use among outpatients with atrial fibrillation (from the NCDR PINNACLE program).
Am J Cardiol, 108 (2011), pp. 1136-1140
[3.]
F.W.A. Verheugt.
Who is ineligible for warfarin in atrial fibrillation?.
[4.]
C.S. Landefeld, R.J. Beyth.
Anticoagulant-related bleeding: clinical epidemiology, prediction, and prevention.
Am J Med, 95 (1993), pp. 315-328
[5.]
R. De Caterina, et al.
Risk factors for stroke and efficacy of antithrombotic therapy in atrial fibrillation. Analysis of pooled data from five randomized controlled trials.
Arch Intern Med, 154 (1994), pp. 1449-1457
[6.]
S. Connolly, J. Pogue, R. Hart, M. Pfeffer, et al.
Clopidogrel plus aspirin versus oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in the Atrial fibrillation Clopidogrel Trial with Irbesartan for prevention of Vascular Events (ACTIVE W): a randomised controlled trial.
Lancet, 367 (2006), pp. 1903-1912
[7.]
J.W. Eikelboom, L. Wallentin, S.J. Connolly, et al.
Risk of bleeding with 2 doses of dabigatran compared with warfarin in older and younger patients with atrial fibrillation. An analysis of the Randomized Evaluation of Long-Term Anticoagulant Therapy (RE-LY) Trial.
Circulation, 123 (2011), pp. 2363-2372
[8.]
M.R. Patel, K.W. Mahaffey, J. Garg, et al.
Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
New Engl J Med, 365 (2011), pp. 1557-1559
[9.]
C.B. Granger, J.H. Alexander, J.J.V. McMurray, et al.
Apixaban versus varfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation.
New Engl J Med, 365 (2011), pp. 981-992
[10.]
R. De Caterina, S.J. Connolly, J. Pogue, et al.
Mortality predictors and effects of antithrombotic therapies in atrial fibrillation: insights from ACTIVE-W.
Eur Heart J, 31 (2010), pp. 2133-2140
[11.]
M. Lind, M. Fahlén, M. Kosiborod, et al.
Variability of INR and its relationship with mortality, stroke, bleeding and hospitalisations in patients with atrial fibrillation.
Thrombosis Research, 129 (2011), pp. 32-35
[12.]
E. Chiquette, M.G. Amato, H.I. Bussey.
Comparison of an anticoagulation clinic with usual medical care anticoagulation control, patient outcomes, and health care costs.
Arch Intern Med, 158 (1998), pp. 1641-1647
[13.]
R. Barreira, J. Ribeiro, M. Farinha, et al.
Monitorização da Terapêutica com Anticoagulantes Orais - Consulta de Anticoagulação vs Médico Assistente.
Acta Med Port, 17 (2004), pp. 413-416
[14.]
D. Poli, E. Antonucci, S. Testa, et al.
Bleeding risk in very old patients on vitamin K antagonist treatment: results of a prospective collaborative study on elderly patients followed by Italian centres for anticoagulation.
Circulation, 124 (2011), pp. 824-829
[15.]
W.T. Chen, C.M. White, O.J. Phung, et al.
Association between CHADS2 risk factors and anticoagulation-related bleeding: a systematic literature review.
Mayo Clin Proc, 86 (2011), pp. 50
[16.]
B.F. Gage, A.D. Waterman, W. Shannon, et al.
Validation of clinical classification schemes for predicting stroke: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation.
J Am Med Assoc, 285 (2001), pp. 2864-2870
[17.]
S.J. Connolly, J. Eikelboom, C. Joyner, et al.
Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation.
N Engl J Med, 364 (2011), pp. 806-817
[18.]
J.B. Olesen, G.Y. Lip, M.L. Hansen, et al.
Validation of risk stratification schemes for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study.
BMJ, 342 (2011),
[19.]
A.J. Camm, P. Kirchhof, G.Y. Lip, et al.
Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation: the Task Force for the Management of Atrial Fibrillation of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC).
Eur Heart J, 31 (2010), pp. 2369-2429
[20.]
R. Pisters, D.A. Lane, R. Nieuwlaat, et al.
A novel user-friendly score (HAS-BLED) to assess one-year risk of major bleeding in atrial fibrillation patients: the Euro Heart Survey.
Chest, 138 (2010), pp. 1093-1100
[21.]
G.H. Lip, L. Frison, J.L. Halperin, et al.
Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: The HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) Score.
J Am Coll Cardiol, 57 (2011), pp. 173-180
[22.]
T.I. Shireman, P.A. Howard, T.F. Kresowik, et al.
Combined anticoagulant-antiplatelet use and major bleeding events in elderly atrial fibrillation patients.
Stroke, 35 (2004), pp. 2362-2367
[23.]
B.F. Gage, Y. Yan, P.E. Milligan, et al.
Clinical classification schemes for predicting hemorrhage: results from the National Registry of Atrial Fibrillation (NRAF).
Am Heart J, 151 (2006), pp. 713-719
[24.]
R.J. Beyth, L.M. Quinn, C.S. Landefeld.
Prospective evaluation of an index for predicting the risk of major bleeding in outpatients treated with warfarin.
Am J Med, 105 (1998), pp. 91-99
[25.]
P.M. Kuijer, B.A. Hutten, M.H. Prins, et al.
Prediction of the risk of bleeding during anticoagulant treatment for venous thromboembolism.
Arch Intern Med, 159 (1999), pp. 457-460
[26.]
S. Snowden, L. Silus.
Oral anticoagulation with warfarin for patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
Cardiology in Review, 19 (2011), pp. 36-40
[27.]
G.Y. Lip, C.R. Gibbs.
Anticoagulation for heart failure in sinus rhythm: a Cochrane Systematic Review.
QJM, 95 (2002), pp. 451-459
[28.]
L.E. Visser, G.S. Bleumink, P.H. Trienekens, et al.
The risk of overanticoagulation in patients with heart failure on coumarin anticoagulants.
Br J Haematol, 127 (2004), pp. 85-89
Copyright © 2012. Sociedade Portuguesa de Cardiologia
Idiomas
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia
Opções de artigo
Ferramentas
en pt

Are you a health professional able to prescribe or dispense drugs?

Você é um profissional de saúde habilitado a prescrever ou dispensar medicamentos

Ao assinalar que é «Profissional de Saúde», declara conhecer e aceitar que a responsável pelo tratamento dos dados pessoais dos utilizadores da página de internet da Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (RPC), é esta entidade, com sede no Campo Grande, n.º 28, 13.º, 1700-093 Lisboa, com os telefones 217 970 685 e 217 817 630, fax 217 931 095 e com o endereço de correio eletrónico revista@spc.pt. Declaro para todos os fins, que assumo inteira responsabilidade pela veracidade e exatidão da afirmação aqui fornecida.